Inactivity Based Cost Management[1] : Angel's Advocate pertaining to Measuring National Grid connected with Governance
Angel's advocate:
In Corporate story most people frequently see the actual role performed by way of Devil's Advocate in addition to don't often many of us take place through the make use of Angel's Advocate. The quality involving Economics lies throughout high risk with out which usually bartering program could well be utilised actually today. Risk taking is quite essential to organization where entrepreneurship is surely an phrase involving freedom. Freedom whenever exercised using full force, company business goes in directly into strategic moves by using ambition. That's whenever Devil's Advocate represents the actual aspect like a sound mother board to ensure that the ambitious strategy on the Donigers should go unrestricted. Ambition keeps stride with Freedom.
Robert Doniger is often a nature from Timeline by Michael Crichton, who seem to pronounces `I'm definitely not keen on the future; I'm enthusiastic about the long run on the future'. To-day ended up being the long run involving last night plus future is usually your immediate future regarding to-day in the process the long run on the future associated with yesterday. Effectively just what Doniger pronounces is actually that your dog dwells in past times everyday this exciting fantastic situations and also previously engaged in tomorrow, some sort of dreamer including a maverick he or she is, which he ignores 'to day' completely. Working like a beaver, your dog usually takes his or her scientists and also personal experts into the beyond creating these jammed while in the damages with track record and also the genius in which he is, claims an awesome long term belonging to the potential making the people involving to-day for you to take a seat around awe as well as ask your self until they will comprehend one's destiny previously stays some sort of isolated dream. Ambition issue that will always be greed overtaking Freedom.
This is whenever Angel's Advocate emerges, long after that occasions have handed down by, when amazement along with speculate end in give up looking and also hopelessness, when Madoffs and Lehman Bros have eventually left the world regarding disaster, lifting this parts regarding historical past getting towards consideration connected with Corporate to see `the reverse values'.
Opposite Values
Devil's Advocate is rational always, offers option motion for identical view. When Madoff confirms difficulty possessing found yourself in the completed associated with his or her tethers on his ponzi scheme Devil's Advocate efforts option channels available to proceed with all the very same Ponzi scheme. Ambition carries on it's voyage along with ponzi structure brings in a lot more number of gullible investors. $1 thousand grows up progressively with a account associated with 10..20..30..40..50.
Devil's Advocate really does not offer Doniger your options available to the scientists and also cultural specialists taken into your wrecks associated with background that could certainly not come back, for the very intent being this task is always to test out that problem along with this exceptional were being manufactured aware of the health risks properly within advance, well paid for and more as compared to adequately taken care of with the insurance, in the event these people like to remain back. Devil's Advocate checks Doniger's judgement in respect of this preservation connected with his fees, endorses that plus admires Bob's acumen of his / her text - many people tend to reside back. Devil's Advocate could be the simply individual that advances along with the rest lose heart plus disaster. That's the energy regarding logic, it can be straight, won't include every opposite, ambitious ideal goes to the similar plane, moving the pawns for you to turn straight into Qu een along with examine mate the opponents, without a great iota regarding probability towards the strategist. Quite valid indeed, regarding all.
Usually the particular proponent with one approach can make your maintain along with the opponent with the other college improves arguments into the claim. What a single feels along with superb conviction, additional provides diametrically reverse views. Both are usually right inside their unique sphere connected with believed process. Logic can make it right on both that ends, under no circumstances wrong within either. Whereas Truth is always paradoxical. That's why Truth is definitely illogical. Truth possesses other values. Truth involves totally other values; and then only, it usually is Truth, can be what exactly Angel's Advocate propounds. Angel's Advocate is usually in no way seen, for no reason took in to, possibly not during the trip expressing the actual independence with enterprise, possibly not despite if the actual devastation strikes numerous wrecking each and every family throughout the nation, with the perpetrators turn to often be the actual Devil's Advoc ates to get on their own perhaps from your jail personal for your possiblity to become such as your person again who seem to sold Eiffel Towers twice.
Logic won't resolve paradox. Then just what exactly does?
Locating that kernel - Intangible
Let individuals please take a simple equation. X(power of) 2= 4, after that what exactly is X?
X = 4, likely further
4 = ?
4 2.
Explanation
, is often a image together with some dashes indicating - identically identical to. Without this specific symbolic representation , the particular formula is usually possibly not accurate. In that equation X acquires two prices of which aren't simply just equivalent nonetheless identically similar to be able to +2 as well -2. X acquires two contrary "values" but not in opposition to every other. They tend to be from the very same plane. tend to be two aspects of an individual movement, being a pendulum. One second how to attract perched of hospitality attire as well as next on the additional end.
When many of us remain around the equator and appearance at North Pole and South Pole they may be until now apart. But it is simply no more advanced than a small coin getting two factors travel and also tail, whenever North and South Poles tend to be watched with the moon. Poles apart, legitimate although Earth is really a single indivisible unit. Genghis Khan and also Gandhi will be in similar aeroplanes however with several values. Both owned by your very same specie. It is compared to looking for left hands plus perfect fretting hand but these are part from the solo inseparable unit.
Business Enterprise will be part along with parcel involving economic system inseparable from your all round framework with it's very existence in addition to responsibility. Madoff as well as IBM happen to be inside identical plane, not averse to one another nevertheless having contrary values. If Charles Ferguson's inside job will be everything to go by, all those trillions regarding pounds are completely due to regulators which have did not regulate. Charge them, force them, generate these individuals fork out with regard to it, decide to put these guiding bars, eliminate them through the most notable posts some people store these days - subsequently what? backside for the pavilion, commence from your scratch, from rectangular one - identical set of mismanagement. If IBM could handle effectively but Madoff couldn't, subsequently where by does the particular obligation lie?
Let all of us look at buttonhole on the other value. Illustratively, a declaration which "I employed to smoke cigarettes 40 using tobacco a day, right now I don't", could give rise to some thing which is not universally known or even raise some doubts. When anybody will be identified smoking several minutes later it's possible to purchase a reply: "I helpful to smoke a pipe 40 earlier, right now I light up 1 out of 3 smoking cigarettes a day". The statement features a shortfall this probably none with the different thought will be competent to dig out there your truth. Inference would certainly with the most, concur that this human being would not seem like your non-smoker. If somebody would like to be sure for you to one other individual to help talk clearly, in that case she has in order to say: "I used to smoke cigars forty smoking a day, today I have given up smoking". A ability is plainly visible from the affirmation which has no doubt. In the actual stated statement: "I used to smoke 40 smokes a day, a. today I will not as well as b. these days I have granted way up smoking", 'giving upward smoking' provides clearness for your opposite value.
Smoking is one end from the worth in addition to offering the item way up at the different ending with on-line chain. Both the measures necessitate just one trait � intangible. In your domain connected with intangible there is absolutely no paradox, no duality, zero plurality, no complexities or gridlock. It is an indivisible model in which snacks anything same, 'identically equivalent to'. Opposite cost connected with tobacco is actually stopping smoking cigarettes as well as the a bed that sparks in which cost is intangible. Opposite benefit connected with eating isn't craving for food however fasting, activated by intangible with particular functions like lent. It is actually some voluntary. If one particular significantly contemplates on shall find, the opposite worth involving hunger is certainly not eating nevertheless morality.
We enable this food craving that will exist, more than a new thousand persons choose hungry on this planet associated with plentifulness. We allow Madoffs in order to siphon off gigantic amounts of us dollars to help useless risky enterprises. Regulatory regulators 'allow' your fiscal perpetrators to visit scot free. The alternative ending with the reverse of price regarding `allow' is just not `disallow' but Governance. That's this truth. Truth always and also completely calls for other values, after which you can just it really is truth.
Governance = Resolving Paradox
In the particular Domain regarding intangible not one but two becomes one, inside the Domain associated with tangible one particular gets two. Without research for you to tangible, intangible will be extremely hard for being perceived, with all the school of our own mind intact. Vacuum is an area while using layoff regarding matter, although cannot be described without make a difference adjacent it. Non-existence is general for you to existence. Matter independently will be inert. Anything and everything that one looks with is actually issue - substance. A material offers obtained two characteristics - 1. Quality along with 2. Action. Without Quality, without Action a chemical can easily in no way end up being referred to as a new substance. Quality of your chemical cannot be separated out of nor the task related to it. It is an vital part. Unless the coffee quality with the ingredient will be completed the idea in no way actually reaches the stage of your substance.
Intangible Asset isn't a new substance, it is just a product while in the making. Once the Intangible Asset results in being a substance it truly is zero more time an intangible asset, this merges into Fixed Asset from a Balance Sheet as a substance. Intangible Asset is surely an oxymoron, where intangible is a symbol of eternal as well as asset is a symbol of your specific time. IAS 38 defines "An intangible resource is an identifiable non-monetary advantage with no natural substance." IAS 38 Intangible Asset ended up being established without having defining what intangible signifies right from that Exposure Draft stage. The damage Intangible Asset provides executed towards World Economy by simply sucking in to all of it your available initial funds assets in addition to with it intended for unproductive uses can be quite enormous, pretty much singularly liable with the financial doom and gloom 2008. It needs to be located out, however. How?
Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Ethics, for example Democracy is not a substance, although a new written Constitution of the democratic nation is usually a substance. UNCAC - United places Convention Against Corruption is often a ingredient of Quality which were being created using ninety five countries associated with signatories as Member States of UNCAC. Several IFRS and also IAS standards will be individually a substance. A drug should be created. The inventive procedure for some sort of substance is usually the exact same plus help to make not any variation possibly be the item sentient as well as insentient. The procedure movement is same. But just about every drug offers special Action process very free regarding every other. One substance maintains its self-sufficiency also while performing the particular projects yoked with another, permitting success regarding unlimited succession with finite reasons through curbing each one goal. All limited purposes build a material regarding usage also fast as well as in the past of time.
Meaning any object that will seriously isn't a new material is not 'Governed'. Look for the Financial Crisis 2008 as well as each and every one of these without exception is due to an Action practice with out a substance staying created. Leaping in advance of imagining phenomena that people within Madoffs' ponzi schemes never see the activity accomplishment. Same for the Private Equity Investor that invests within a new company, prepared to help take part in their equity, based on value associated with intangible resource that is hopeless to become a substance. PE money realizes it problematical to cope with their account when they will not discover the way these companies are usually governed along with burn up their motorboats much following your governance studies reach these really late. Same pertaining to a person investor in share market. The entire share will depend on speculative details and also there is usually none regarding the way the administration governs th eir operations. Insider investing is often a stigma for the reason that governance from the company is created designed for an outsider without the familiarity with this public. It is similar to match solving where the outsider is actually competent to switch in to the corporate and business home bursting the actual firewalls. Firewalls are brittle. There should be only a single tool there for bolster the particular firewalls.
When antimatter collides having topic the mass is actually changed into 100 % pure energy. Collision happens continually without having which there is absolutely no action. Mass is usually an inert object. Many continue being inert without the collision using place. Substance continues insentient. Only as soon as it collides, them turns into real energy. The reason behind the item may be the intangible, your influence of them is definitely Governance. Intangible while collides with drug your inert concept is actually converted in to pure energy. That genuine energy is Governance, essentially the most active force within the system regarding management.
When sentient and also insentient physical objects continue being inert there is certainly loss, when the idea collides having intangible them ladies being profitable. Governance resolves this paradox - reduction or profit.
Inactivity Based Cost Management [IBCM]
Creative Process:
During that inaugural program to the US Congress, President Obama said: 'Here with Washington we've got all seen the best way quickly, good wishes might turn towards broken promises and also wasteful spending.' Inactivity throughout the Action Process results in cracked claims and also wasteful spending. Inactivity during the Creative Process ceases when using the Good Intentions. Meaning they may be very subtle, like Economic Theory. It has to end up being used that will result in a substance. Inactivity Based Cost Management presents a threat in addition to examines a standard element in every chemical that is definitely currently being made - from refined for you to gross, to set-up your substance.
There tend to be six layers that find additional before a product emerges:
0. State connected with quiescent. / Non-existent
1. The subtlest in the things created is actually space, includes just one top quality � sound. / Material lead to is definitely along at the conceptual stage.
2. Air, and that is less pervasive, in addition to sound, offers the caliber of touch that is over heard plus felt. / The Material bring about is actually appearing produced informed of and is communicated.
3. Fire features three qualities, also to seem in addition to touch possesses a new form that may end up being heard, felt plus seen. / The Material bring about considers some sort of shape.
4. Water offers a number of attributes besides this qualities with sound, touch in addition to kind has the grade of flavor which can be heard, touched, seen plus tasted, to be able to identify the flavor. / The Material trigger is usually exclusive having discrimination involving intellect.
5. Earth has five qualities, sound, touch, form, quality plus smell that may be heard, touched, seen, tasted and smelt.Matter is within completed form. / The Material bring about can be wholesome plus this effect can be a substance.
Creative practice can be a ongoing one adding small level following layer. At just about every step one which activates doing this with design could be the intangible. Inactivity with each stage is evident plus assessed as 0,1. If the actual creation practice features done the actual fifth level receives a rank connected with 4. Although this 1st layer obtains a 0 the item is a introduction of the intangible planning regarding experiment. Mahatma Gandhi considered the subsequent plan immediately after deliberating inside the state regarding quiescence. Dandi Salt March as well as We possess a desire walk is actually not necessarily an instant determination for the reason that state regarding quiescence is the chief cause of activating intangible.
Action Process:
Action course of action stick to the identical pattern as the imaginative process. During the activity progression the particular substance joins together with additional drug as well as attain the task but holding onto it's independence. During the Action method the task success might be repetitive and as a consequence that score will be based upon that 'relative efficiency' inside a range that fits the particular Quality with the substance.
Stages Relative Efficiency Rank
Insentient 0.00% 0
Conceptualization >0% < 20% 1
Communication >20% < 40% 2
Formation >40% < 60% 3
Formulation >60% < 80% 4
Action taken >80% 5
Innovation could be the primary step towards creative destruction associated with the techniques that it will try to supplant, the essence of human being opportunity to conquer the particular frontiers regarding living space and time. Its excursion toward turning into some sort of substance provides significance beyond the monetary measures. The levels that are usually additional one following your different therefore requires watchful relation to World Economy. Nakamura[2] quotations inside 2001 the actual amount picked up intangibles exceeding $1 trillion. What is definitely relevant plus proper of which IBCM makes important will be point by area of invention because on today. Innovation is usually a drug with which has the actual natural attributes of quality and action that cannot be separated through the idea nor the job connected with it, for a bit of cloth plus the threads building upwards the actual constituent parts. If Financial Crisis regarding 2008 will be asso ciated with any outcome most this particular product under this scalp Innovation have never noticed the actual sunny days in addition to disappeared into the darkness sucking a excellent section associated with on the market funds. Of this particular believed $1 trillion the amount of went by way of Devil's Advocate plus what amount connected with the item by way of Angel's Advocate?
The intent being that exercise simply by IBCM is definitely chiefly the study regarding Cost Consequence.
Cost Consequence
Illustratively, some sort of traveling around a great planes is provided using the online video media screen from the real-time details for the journey path, your guide since the route, that placement on dot, altitude, cruising speed, long distance to help destination, time period coming from origination level and also time to realize the particular destination. What is a impulse in the passenger if your captain had been in order to mention that will there isn't a sufficient gasoline inside the aircraft while on mid-air?
Study involving Cost Consequence is always as of now. The cost outcome is usually relevant intended for just one day, i.e. to-day and as your corollary Governance will be achievable regarding simply a single day, i.e. to-day, neither of them through the dateless over nor in the limitless future. Governance is really a strong force ever with it is toes learning the cost result because associated with now. Meaning Governance confirming is on Real-time following after which solely review regarding price tag result can be possible.
Real-time Monitoring
UNCAC - United Nations Convention Against Corruption will be one of many well crafted record in the world by using about 95 states currently being signatories towards the Convention many have got ratified this Treaty also. Chapter II of UNCAC deals having Preventive Measures in addition to inside it Article eight represents 'Public Reporting'. Governments, quite a few within democratic nations, had resisted the particular attempts in order to cause RTI - Right in order to Information. Article 10 Public Reporting is often a pro-active facts archive on a daily time frame kept in your open space this anyone may have admittance to.
IBCM views the following Article 10 Public Reporting far superior to Freedom regarding Speech. Article 9 connected with UNCAC handles Public procurement as well as management involving criminal court finances. IBCM together with the particular status because upon today, simply by rank of Article-9 Public Finances, by simply Article 10 Public Reporting, about real-time supervising groundwork regarding every product currently being managed by your captain would likely produce that passenger willing to listen closely to your ex to batten that seat-belt on this announcement in the upcoming turbulence.
Preventive Measures is actually possible simply by way of Real-time monitoring. The overseeing element of it truly is that obligation on the passenger, whereas wanting to supply the words is definitely the particular accountability with the captain as well as the crew. Angel's Advocate refers to the other prices regarding Responsibility.
Participation associated with society
What will be purpose of Corporate and also Government? "When affiliates dread his or her government, you can find tyranny; if your government anxieties the people, there is certainly freedom " said Thomas Jefferson. Governments disregard persons they usually experience as they definitely do now. Same applies to corporate and business and customer relationship.
Government or maybe Corporate is actually a substance, considering the inventive edge addressing Responsibility along with your Action area addressing Accountability. It includes several beneficial intentions that have been consumed to become a product along with your relative task achieved for every these kinds of substance. Government gets plus Corporate profits. In the two this conditions the actual focus associated with consideration can be People. Donigers tend to be caused by way of Devil's advocate, so is the Governments forced in a single direction by Cheneys along with Rumsfelds. Government loses plus Corporate Los[s]es. Freedom associated with speech continues to be unhurt but unheard.
The consequence - Governance is not seen.
IBCM splits this resourceful side connected with Responsibility directly into not one but two portions: 1. Ethical and 2. Fiscal. Ethical Responsibility is usually assigned for the merely just one type `People' as well as the sleep Fiscal Responsibility.
IBCM defines:
Ethical Responsibility - the point out as well as location involving currently being responsible for this options vested for the people to own a administration with the people, with the men and women and for the actual people, which include your delegation involving expert for any governance in the mentioned sources to people that tend to be vested when using the usage.
and Fiscal Responsibility - Individual trusted to treat along with dispense the particular assets authorized by means of that Ethical Responsibility for your san francisco spa this people.
Fiscal duty is often a fiduciary in the beneficiary, i.e. People. A fiduciary is under legal standing bound to help act, in just the restricts in the law, within the best likes and dislikes of the beneficiary. Fiscal Responsibility has control connected with building however is basically owned through the beneficiary.
IBCM streaks this exterminator dallas associated with People participation for that productive Governance, Corporate and also Government alike, considering the recognition: Free economy is usually an time period of freedom, in contrast to Ethical Responsibility is usually an phrase with liberty, that will threshold prices emanate to bridge Ethical along with Fiscal Responsibility.
Gridlock with Accountability
IBCM prepares for each drug the actual reputation statement while on right now highlighting your layers regarding completion. Inactivity with every single this kind of situations will be singularly accounted with regard to by setting up an Index with Inactivity. This index chart will become your bedrock of solid evidence in order to assess the effectiveness of every Responsibility Area. Illustratively, Article being unfaithful Public Finance evaluation by IBCM produces out and about this specific information.
By Resource owner:
Index associated with Inactivity - Public Procurement & Management involving Public Finances
By Resource Owner Active Inactive Inactive %
1. People 0 25 20.00%
2. Technology 15 10 8.00%
3. Managerial Force 20 5 4.00%
4. Operational Force 10 15 12.00%
5. Finance 15 10 8.00%
Total: Resource Owner 60 65 52.00%
and by Process Area:
Index of Inactivity - Public Procurement & Management regarding Public Finances
By Process Area Active Inactive Inactive %
Systems involving Procurement: 12 13 10.40%
Internal Control 12 13 10.40%
Risk Management 12 13 10.40%
Maintenance connected with records 12 13 10.40%
Accountability - Public Finances 12 13 10.40%
Total Process Area: 60 65 52.00%
Index of Inactivity - Article in search of - Public Procurement as well as Management associated with Public Finances 52%
Total: Process Area - 5, Resource Owner - 5; max. Rank @ your five = 125
There is simply no evade with the Gridlock associated with Accountability either simply by Ethical or maybe by way of Fiscal Responsibility Group.
Angel's Advocate
Three considerations are set intended for a new useful Governance - 1. Realtime Monitoring, 2. Cost Consequence along with 3. People Participation.
In just about every measure connected with a drug resourceful along with motion process Angel's Advocate looks at the Truth. Truth consists of totally other values; and then only, it may be Truth, can be precisely what Angel's Advocate propounds. In Governance, Corporate or Government, People's involvement is often a have to to place that Fiscal Responsibility unburdened.
A product yoked with each other performs however stores it has the independence. The entire earth is made of such. It governs methodically day around day out. Every daytime that is the reason itself by way of Public Reporting. Tomorrow sun's rays increases with 6.23 AM and it does.
A chemical in Government, with Corporate, in the unique business most use a frequent imaginative process. The Governance Reporting procedure enunciated by simply Inactivity Based Cost Management helps Public Reporting using a real-time keeping track of groundwork yoked one with the other to go to a strong Index with Inactivity, collectively along with severally.
Study of Cost Consequence associated with Investment around the actual chemical `Innovation' today considering the Governance Reporting by Inactivity Based Cost Management will have considerably accomplishing instructions produced for your future.
Summary
The over will be heart and soul belonging to the e-book authored in addition to published by means of Jayaraman Rajah Iyer, Titled: Inactivity Based Cost Management, when using the sub-title: Measurement of Intangible: Governance, Ethical & Fiscal Responsibility as well as Accountability. IBCM may be a instrument likely because of the dictum set by way of Galileo Galilei: " Measure what on earth is measurable, in addition to produce measurable what's possibly not so." In obtain to make measurable what is not necessarily so, IBCM exhorts the right way to do i.e. develop a substance. Without a material produced along with Quality along with Action integrated, Governance is just not possible.Governance rating these days is similar to the measurement involving fiscal ventures without getting a material identified as Balance Sheet.
Illustratively, googling what given below, your search engine results supply the demand to be specific by simply having a material with the text lest this remains jargons.
About 50,900,000 results (0.07 seconds) Democracy, About 13,100,000 outcomes (0.07 seconds)Corporate Governance, About 12,000,000 final results (0.07 seconds)Business Ethics, About 5,130,000 effects (0.07 seconds) Corporate Social Responsibility.
Meaning, there are any selection involving methods of read and also examine a word, each one taking available scholarly terms regarding wisdom in addition to knowledge. Governance associated with disparate interpretations could possibly be good within person conditions but with each other will forget to supplies a relative analysis, for the reason that six sightless guys involving Hindusthan regarding John Godfrey Saxe, attempted for you to benefit a strong elephant.
So six window blind gentlemen of Hindustan
disputed high decibel as well as long,
Each throughout his individual opinion
exceeding stiff along with strong;
Though each seemed to be partly inside your right,
they all ended up while in the wrong!
This write-up contention would be to provide the same Act relevant internationally to most of Corporate and also Government Governance. The most important case-study with the publication is Chapter II Preventive Measures associated with UNCAC - United Nations Convention Against Corruption. It is usually a good record that will easily exchange each one on the over reported disparate things for example Democracy, CSR, Business Ethics, or maybe Corporate Governance underneath a single banner. Check regardless of whether IBCM might have stopped BP through it has the accident together with about three considerations Real-Time Monitoring, Cost Consequence and also People Participation under Ch II UNCAC have been in operation. Apply a similar guideline for Iraq and make Iran to be a Member State of UNCAC, then the world has a little something to check onward to be able to on Governance.
Purpose involving IBCM as suggested in the publication is: "In the distinct International Accounting Standards Board [IASB], an International Ethical Standards Board [IESB] become formed." Corporate, Government, instructional institutions, Rating Agencies will possess a typical soil pertaining to research as well as measurement of Governance.
Universities like a chemical together with good quality and actions strategy of responsibility as well as answerability is able to do the actual self-assessment by IBCM because for you to your degree of as being a Devil's Advocate or maybe Angel's Advocate. Angel's Advocate exhorts honourable responsibility.
The ebook will be available:
eBook: http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/24530
Printed version: https://www.createspace.com/3488434
Kindle Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B003Z9JQWQ
Welcome to get in touch considering the source jayar.ibcm(atthe)gmail.com
Also 3' video reason regarding Inactivity Based Cost Management: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcvQBk8xynw&fs=1&hl=en_US
Jayaraman Rajah Iyer
1. Inactivity Based Cost Management - Copyright REGN. NO. L- 27490/2006 DATED December 1, 2006 Govt. connected with India, Copyrights Office, through the Author, Jayaraman Rajah Iyer
2. Working documents no. 01-15, what exactly is the usa yucky purchase within intangibles?, (at least) just one trillion dollars a year! Leonard I. Nakamura, Federal Reserve Bank involving Philadelphia October 2001
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